Chondrite Town

The road to the chondritic uniform reservoir. Switzerland, June 2010.

Last June I spent ten days in Switzerland and Italy exploring the geology of The Alps as part of Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's annual Geodynamics Program. As we were driving one day on the trip, several geochemists in the group became very excited about the above sign. Apparently, the mysterious chondritic uniform reservoir (CHUR) is located in Switzerland! We tried our best to persuade our instructors that we should visit this important Earth reservoir, but we were told that Chur is a charming little Swiss town, not a place where we could find chondrites. So, we continued our drive to the mountains, but not before I snapped a photo as we passed a sign for Chur.

***For those who are not familiar, chondrites are primitive, stony meteorites that have not undergone significant melting or differentiation. Thus, chondrites are considered the original "starting material" for planet Earth, which scientists believe formed through accretion of chondritic bodies. The Earth probably started out as roughly chondritic then underwent chemical differentiation. To put it simply, the heavy stuff sunk to the center of the Earth (the core) and the lighter stuff floated to the top of the Earth (the crust) and the medium stuff stayed in the middle (the mantle).  For long-lived chemical systems (for example, the samarium-neodymium isotope system), geochemists like to think about how these chemical systems may have evolved over the ~4.54 billion year history of the Earth. Often, geochemists like to compare the evolution of certain chemical systems to a baseline. One baseline that is sometimes used is CHUR-- the chondritic uniform reservoir. The chemical composition of CHUR is based on the average chemical composition of chondritic meteorites. Where do we obtain these chondrites, if planets differentiated? Well, not all bits and pieces of the original chondrite parent bodies were incorporated into planets, which then differentiated. Some chondrite bits and pieces survived and have been zooming around our solar system. Chondrites often fall to Earth as meteorites, where they are sometimes recognized. Since these meteorites are stony, they look like Earth rocks and are tricky to tell apart. There could be one in your backyard! Most chondrite meteorites are found in places where there are few rocks, such as in deserts and in Antarctica.***

Geology Word of the Week: D is for Delta

The Nile Delta as seen from Earth orbit. Photo courtesy of
NASA and taken from Wikipedia here.

def. Delta:
1. The fourth letter of the Greek alphabet (uppercase Δ, lowercase δ).
2. A popular US airline with questionable service (except for those delicious little snacks they serve with your drink), often-delayed flights, and a hilarious in-flight safety video. 
3. A triangle-shaped deposit of sediment that forms where a river or stream flows into an ocean, lake, or other large, standing body of water.

Sorry, Folks, but Callan was Attacked by a T-Rex

This morning I had the pleasure of meeting up with Callan Bentley of Mountain Beltway. After several months of interacting on the internet, it was great to meet up in real life! I hope to meet some more of my fellow geobloggers over the next year or so.

Unfortunately, shortly after we met up, Callan was attacked by a T-Rex in the University of Wyoming Geology Museum:

A T-Rex attacks Callan.

Fortunately, Callan managed to escape, and we were able to tour the rest of the museum and have a sandwich afterward. Safe travels to Montana, Callan!

Limestone, Wildflowers, and Big Sky: A Wyoming Trail Run

I arrived in Wyoming last Sunday, and I'll be here for two months working with one of my advisors. I haven't had too much time to explore yet, but today (Monday) I went on a beautiful trail run*. Wyoming really is beautiful. I enjoy all the quiet, wide-open spaces. Here are a few pictures from today's trail run:

Wyoming big sky 1.

Forget Rent... I'm Moving to the Smithsonian

Note: For the next couple of weeks, I am going to be fairly busy. This weekend I started (finally) finishing up the book in which I compile all the interviews I carried out with my dad about the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Disaster. I've been listening to all the interviews again, cleaning up the transcripts, and writing a couple of background chapters. The task is taking me longer than I expected because, frankly, it is somewhat depressing to listen to all of the Fukushima interviews again. I can only handle one or two before I need to take a break. I am persevering, though. I am also busy working on a couple of super secret (for now) guest blog pieces. I'm also doing my regular graduate school work for ~8-9 hours a day. As I work on these other projects, I am going to limit my regular blogging to the geology word of the week and the occasional picture of my summer digs in Laramie, Wyoming. So, to keep my blog readers entertained over the next few weeks, I am going to re-post some geology posts that I wrote on Skepchick before I started a geology blog. The first post is below. This post originally appeared on Skepchick in 2006 here. Enjoy!

Elephant in the Rotunda, Smithsonian Museum of Natural History. Picture taken from wikipedia here.

There is nothing better than having an empty museum all to yourself. If I ever become wealthy, I think that I’ll rent out the great museums of the world at odd hours so that I can quietly appreciate them. Or maybe I’ll just hone my burglary skills and sneak it at night. I’m not interested in stealing anything, just enjoying the richness of the exhibits without all the lines, tourists, and misbehaving toddlers. 

One of my favorite books from childhood is From the Mixed-up Files of Mrs. Basil E. Frankweiler, a book about a little girl and her brother who run away from home and live in the Metropolitan Museum of Art for a week or so. After all of the tourists go home for the day, the two children have the run of the museum, bathing in the public fountain, sleeping in an antique bed in one of the exhibits, and generally having a good time with all of the artwork and artifacts. After reading this book, I nearly packed a bag and ran away to the nearest big museum, which fortunately was several hours away. Running away from home is not easily accomplished by an eight-year-old stuck in rural New Hampshire with no public transportation.

Geology Word of the Week: C is for Coquina

Coquina rock. Image taken from wikipedia here.

def. Coquina ("co-keen-ah"):
A sedimentary rock consisting of loosely-consolidated fragments of shells and/or coral. The matrix or "cement" consolidating the fragments is generally calcium carbonate or phosphate. Coquina is a soft, white rock which is often used as a building stone. Coquina forms in near-shore environments, such as marine reefs. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, coquina is a loanword from Spanish meaning "shell-fish" or "cockle" (a type of bivalve mollusc). Also according to the Oxford English Dictionary, the word was first used in English (to refer to the building stone) in 1837 in the book The Territory of Florida by J.L. Williams.

My New Favorite T-Shirt

I just love this shirt.

Just before leaving the East coast, I picked up a new t-shirt. Isn't it great?

Chapman's Peak Nonconformity

Chapman's Peak Nonconformity, South Africa, May 2011.

On my recent trip to South Africa (see also my recent posts Sevilla Rock Art Trail, The Maltese Cross, The "Peace in Africa" in Port, and Cape Peninsula in Pictures), I spent my very last day touring around Cape Town with my fiance, my future sister-in-law, and her boyfriend. One of the things that we did just before I headed to the airport was drive along the Chapman's Peak Drive, a road just outside Cape Town that stretches from Noordhoek (which means "North Corner" in Afrikaans) to Houtbaai (which means "Wood Bay" in Afrikaans; the Afrikaans-English hybrid "Hout Bay" is commonly used). The drive follows the rocky coastline and provides breathtaking views. First constructed during World War I (and considered an incredible feat of engineering for the time), the drive was closed for a time in the 1990s due to safety concerns. The winding road is built on quite steep terrain and is frequently covered by rockfalls. However, the drive was re-opened in the 2000s (with reinforced safety features) as a scenic toll road catering to foreign tourists. However, there are many residents of Hout Bay and the surrounds who travel along Chapman's Peak everyday. Occasionally, the drive is closed because of weather or rockfall.

Finalists Announced in the 3 Quarks Daily Science Blogging Contest

Georneys didn't make it to the final round of judging in the 3 Quarks Daily Science Blogging Contest-- I guess ophiolites and geology words weren't the editors' cup of tea, and there was some stiff competition-- but that's fine. As I said, I'm thrilled to have just made it to the semifinal round and to have had so much support during the voting round. Since I'm relatively new to the science blogging scene, I'm proud to have such a strong following. Thanks again for all your support!

Here are the 9 finalist posts (6 chosen from the 20 semifinalists, and 3 wildcard entries added by the 3 Quarks Daily editors):

1. Cosmic Variance: The Fine Structure Constant is Probably Constant
2. Dr. Carin Bondar: Sacrifice on the Serengeti
3. Empirical Zeal: Blind Fish in Dark Caves Shed Light on the Evolution of Sleep
4. Highly Allochthonous: Levees and the Illusion of Flood Control
5. Laelaps: The Pelican's Beak - Success and Evolutionary Stasis
6. Oh, For the Love of Science: Prehistoric Clues Provide Insight into Climate's Future Impact on Oceans
7. Opinionator: Morals Without God?
8. Scientific American Guest Blog: Seratonin and Sexual Preference: Is It Really That Simple?
9. Starts With A Bang: Where Is Everybody? 

There are some great posts among the finalists, but I'm rooting for the geology-themed posts by Anne Jefferson of Highly Allochthonous and by Brian Switek of Laelaps. Good luck to them!

Geology Word of the Week: B is for Brunton

Brunton "Pocket Transit" Compass. Image taken from here.

def. Brunton:
A fancy, highly-precise compass used by geologists (and surveyors, engineers, archaeologists, etc.) for navigation and also to measure the strike and dip of rock layers in the field.

Semifinalists Announced in the 3 Quarks Daily Science Blogging Contest

The semifinalists were just announced in this year's 3 Quarks Daily Science Blogging Contest. These semifinalists are the twenty blog posts (out of 87) that had the most votes in a public voting contest. There are some great posts in there, including one by Anne Jefferson of Highly Allochthonous, one by Brian Switek of Laelaps, and two by my friend (and former Middle School classmate) Christie Wilcox of Observations of a Nerd. Congratulations, everyone!

I am also happy to announce that my post Geology Word of the Week: O is for Ophiolite is one of the semifinal posts. Amazingly, my post received the second-most votes! I am relatively new to the science blogging scene, so I'm humbled and very grateful that so many people voted for me. Most of all, I'm thrilled that-- hopefully-- many more people are now learning the word "ophiolite," which is one of my favorite geology words.

There are two more rounds of judging before the winners are announced. First, the editors of 3 Quarks Daily are going to select six posts from the top twenty semi-finalists. The editors may also add up to three "wild card" posts of their own choosing. Then, the top three final winners will be chosen by Lisa Randall.

Whether or not Georneys advances into the final rounds, I'm thrilled to be a semifinalist in the 3 Quarks Daily contest. Thanks again to everyone who voted!

Why We Need Scientific Ocean Drilling

The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) recently announced that they will fund only 6 months of scientific ocean drilling on the ship JOIDES Resolution in 2012. There is much need for scientific drilling, but NSF has been debating the expense of ocean drilling in the midst of budget cuts. There's a chance that NSF may choose not to fund any scientific ocean drilling in the near future (The Integrated Ocean Drilling Program ends in 2013), but for now drilling is cut down to just half the year. Since most drilling expeditions take ~2 months, this means only ~3 drilling expeditions will be funded next year.

As a marine geologist, the cut-back of ocean drilling makes me very sad. Ocean drilling provides much valuable scientific information, much of which cannot be obtain except with drilling.

Why is scientific ocean drilling important? My PhD advisor Susan Humphris explains why in this recent EOS article "The Need for Scientific Ocean Drilling."

Blast from the Past: The Rock Cycle

Rock Cycle drawing, circa 1993 or so. Click to view larger.

I'm trying to finish up my packing today, so here's one last gem (for now) from the past: a poem that I wrote in third or fourth grade about the rock cycle. There is also an accompanying drawing (see above). Enjoy!

Blast from the Past: The Goldilocks Planet

Earth, the Goldilocks Planet. Click to view larger.

On Saturday I am leaving Woods Hole to spend the summer in Laramie, Wyoming. Between now and then I have a zillion things to do. I pretty much have to work constantly prepping samples in lab, running the mass spectrometer, packing, and cleaning out my apartment. Oh, and maybe remembering to eat and sleep now and again.

Geology Word of the Week: A is for Accretionary Wedge

Illustration of a convergent plate boundary. I've added a red arrow pointing out the
location of the accretionary wedge. Illustration from TASA graphics and taken from here.
Click to view larger.

def. Accretionary Wedge (aka Accretionary Prism, Subduction Complex):
A wedge- or prism-shaped mass of sediments and rock fragments which has accumulated where a downgoing oceanic plate meets an overriding plate (either oceanic or continental) at a subduction zone. The sediment is generally marine sediment that has been scraped off of the downgoing plate by the overriding plate. However, sediment from the overriding plate can also contribute to the accretionary wedge. Fragments of rock from the colliding tectonic plates can also accumulate in an accretionary wedge.  The sedimentary rocks which form at accretionary wedges are deformed, faulted, poorly-sorted mixtures which are often referred to as "melange" (which means "mixture" in French).

Accretionary Wedge #35: What's Your Favorite Geology Word?

I'm hosting this month's Accretionary Wedge Geoblog Carnival here at Georneys. Since I write about a geology word every week (see the "Geology Word of the Week" tag on the sidebar or the post "A Geologist's Alphabet"), I thought it would be fitting to host an etymological Accretionary Wedge. This month's Accretionary Wedge is easy-- if you want you can post just a single word!

The theme for this month is:

What's your favorite geology word?

You can post just the word if you want. You can also add anything you want-- a definition, some pictures related to the word, a story about the word, a poem, a drawing. Anything at all!

I must warn you, though: if you post about a good word, I may use the word in a future Geology Word of the Week post!

To join the geoblog carnival, just write a post on your blog and then link to it in a comment below or in a comment over at the Accretionary Wedge site. If you don't have a blog, you should start one. If you don't want to start a blog, just type your word in a comment below. Please submit your entries by the 26th or thereabouts so that I can compile them by the end of the month. Happy blogging!

Finally, be sure to check out last month's Accretionary Wedge #34: Weird Geology.

Vote for Me in the 3 Quarks Daily Science Blogging Contest

The nominations are in for the 3 Quarks Daily Science Blogging Contest. Now, the general public can vote for which blog posts they like best. The top twenty posts with the most votes will go on to the next round of judging.

If you like this blog or like ophiolites or like me, please go vote for my entry "Georneys: Geology Word of the Week: O is for Ophiolite." You can vote in the 3 Quarks Daily Science Blogging Contest here. I'm not sure if my post has a chance of winning, but it would be sweet to make it through the voting round to the semi-finals.

If for some reason you don't like ophiolites (though I don't know who doesn't just love ophiolites), I'd also recommend voting for the posts "Highly Allochthonous: Levees and the Illusion of Flood Control" and "Lounge of the Lab Lemming: Dear Hypothesis" as these are two of my favorite recent posts from the geoblogosphere.

Happy voting! I'm spending the evening on the mass spectrometer, but I'll post the next geology word of the week this weekend.

Tornadoes in Massachusetts

Downtown Springfield, MA after the tornado.
Photo by the Associated Press/Jessica Hill and taken from here.

I am moving out of my Cape Cod apartment this week, and today* my dad drove down from New Hampshire to help me. We spent the early afternoon loading a U-Haul trailer with some furniture items my parents and sister wanted-- as well as a dozen or so large boxes of my books and school notes* --and then started on the drive from Cape Cod to New Hampshire via Boston. As we were driving in the Boston area in the late afternoon, we drove through quite the impressive storm. There was downpouring rain and very close thunder and lightning. We drove well under the speed limit, and at times visibility was quite poor. My dad drove the U-Haul, and I followed in my little car with a very long fiberglass racing kayak strapped to the roof. My kayak is very light, and though I tied it on well, I was quite anxious that it might be blown off the roof in the storm. My dad and I passed through at least two distinct thunderstorms, but we made it safely to New Hampshire. My mom was quite fretful for us on the way, however. We didn't realize why she was so concerned about us until we sat down with a late take-out dinner and watched the news.

This evening a State of Emergency was declared in Massachusetts as a result of at least two tornadoes and severe thunderstorms. At least four people have died as a result of the severe weather. The deaths occurred in the towns of Springfield, Westfield, and Brimfield. Looking at this gallery of images of the destruction, I am surprised that there were not more casualties. Thank goodness, most people were able to take shelter in  basements. There are some incredible stories coming out-- people taking random strangers into their basements for shelter, a man who survived a tree and electric line falling on his car, news reporters having to take shelter in the middle of reporting when the thunderstorm became too severe, entire roofs blown away, top floors of brick buildings demolished, short minutes between warning and arrival of the tornado, an interrupted senior prom, people standing outside their demolished homes to prevent looting of what few possessions still remain; the list goes on and on.